Mah
Damba "Djélimousso |
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La
société issue de l'ancien empire mandingue, fondé par Soundiata (1230-1255),
était divisée en trois classes, celle des nobles, ou horon, celle
des captifs ou dyon et celle des hommes castés, les nyamakala,
qui incluaient quatre groupes principaux, les forgerons (noumou),
les cordonniers (garanké), les mimes (finah) et les djeli,
appelés griots par les Européens. Mah Damba et son mari Mamaye Kouyaté sont tous les deux nés dans cette caste des griots. Ils font partie de l'ethnie bambara (ou bamana), le groupe de langue mandé le plus nombreux du Mali. Mamaye Kouyaté appartient à une famille très ancienne puisque la tradition fait remonter son origine à Sourakhata Ben Zafara, un poète et compositeur arabe contemporain du Prophète. Mah
Damba,
quant à elle, est la fille du djeli
le plus respecté du Mali, Djeli Baba Sissoko,
un de ces "sacs à paroles (...)
qui renferment des secrets plusieurs fois séculaires, qui (détiennent)
les clefs des douze portes du Manding." Elle
célèbre aussi les héros de l'épopée bambara "Da Monzon de Ségou", comme
ici, Simbala Koné, qui sauve son père, le légendaire Bakari Djan devenu
aveugle, thème qui n'est pas sans rappeler la tragédie d'Oedipe. Si le choeur féminin chante un refrain fixe, préparé à l'avance, on reconnaît une bonne djelimousso à son art d'improviser, qui sera apprécié et récompensé en conséquence par la personne dont on chante les louanges. C'est donc un art très ancien, mais toujours ouvert à la création que nous proposent ici Mah Damba, Mamaye Kouyaté et leurs musiciens. Les
instruments La
guitare a été largement adoptée par les musiciens mandingues depuis
la fin des années quarante. Mah
Damba "Djélimousso" |
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In the social structure emanating from the ancient Manding empire founded by Sundiata (1230-1255), people were divided into three classes: the horon or nobles, the dyon or captives and the nyamakalas or castes which comprised four main groups : the blacksmiths (noumou), the cobblers (garankê), the mimes (tinah) and the jali, called "griots" by Europeans. The latter were described for the first time in the XVth century, by the Arab traveller Ibn Batoutah. The name "griot" ("guiriot" at first) appeared in the late XVlIth century, in "Le premier voyage du sieur de La Courbe fait à la Coste d'Afrique en 1685". The term may come from the Afro-Portuguese word criado, meaning "brought up in the master's house". Mah Damba and her husband Mamaye Kouyaté were born into the griot caste. They belong to the Bambara (or Bamana) ethnic group, the most important Mande language group in Mali. Mamaye Kouyate comes from a very ancient family which, according to tradition, goes back to Surakhata Ben Zafara, an Arab poet and composer contemporary with the Prophet. Mah Damba for her part is the daughter of the most respected jali in Mali, Jali Baba Sissoko, one of the renowned "bags of words (...) who conceal secrets several centuries old, and who hold the keys of the twelve gates of the Mande." She is also the niece of Fanta Damba, one of this century's greatest jalimuso. On this album, Mah Damba is accompanied by Mamaye Kouyaté and his ensemble. She sings the usual repertoire of griots, full of sayings and moral maxims. She also celebrates the heroes of the Bambara epic "Da Monzon de Ségou", for example Simbala Koné, saviour of his father become blind, the legendary Bakari Djan - a theme reminiscent of the tragedy of Oedipus. One of the roles of the griots is also to sing the praises of their "patrons" (jatigui). When she performs at weddings or baptisms in the Malian hostels around Paris, Mah Damba has to know the history of all the families invited at the ceremony. She also sings the praises of the Kakolo family as well as the Coulibaly. While the chorus sings a refrain set in advance, a good jalimuso can be recognized by her art of improvisation, which is duly appreciated and rewarded by the person whose praises she has sung. Therefore, Mah Damba, Mamaye Kouyate and their musicians present us an art form both very ancient and always open to creativity. The
instruments Mah
Damba "Djélimousso" |
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P
04/04/2004 |